The loss or failure of an organ or tissue is devastating. 器官、組織的喪失或衰竭是毀滅性的。
Current treatment methods include transplantation of organs, surgical reconstruction, use of mechanical devices, or supplementation of metabolic products. 現(xiàn)有的治療方法有器官移植、外科重建、機械裝置的應(yīng)用以及代謝性產(chǎn)品的補充治療。
However, the ultimate goal of transplantation should reside in the ability to restore living cells to maintain or even enhance existing tissue function. 移植的最終目的應(yīng)該基于重建活細胞群以維持甚至增進現(xiàn)有組織的功能。
By developing replacement tissues that remain intact with bioactive properties after implantation, retaining physiologic functions as well as structure to the tissue or organ damaged by disease or trauma, tissue engineering could provide an alternative to transplantation and other forms of reconstruction.通過植入后仍有生物活性的替換組織發(fā)展，保持因病變或創(chuàng)傷而損害器官的生理功能和組織結(jié)構(gòu)，組織工程能提供移植和其它重建方式的一種替代選擇。
Skin replacement products are the most advanced, with several tissue-engineering wound care materials currently on the market worldwide. 皮膚替代產(chǎn)品最為成熟，最近有好幾個組織工程（產(chǎn)商)將在全球市場經(jīng)營這些材料。
The potential impact of this field is endless, offering unique solutions to the medical field for tissue and organ replacement. 這個領(lǐng)域的沖力是無限的，它提供了組織、器官替代領(lǐng)域獨特的解決方法。
Tissue engineering may eventually be applied to the regeneration of diverse tissues such as the liver, small intestine, cardiovascular structures, nerve, and cartilage. 組織工程可能最終能應(yīng)用于各種組織的重建，如肝、小腸、心血管結(jié)構(gòu)、神經(jīng)和軟骨。
Work on bioartificial liver devices has been under way for several years.進行中生物人工肝裝置的研究工作已經(jīng)進行了好幾年。
The sources of cells required for tissue engineering are summarized by three categories, autologous cells (from the patient), allogeneic cells (from donor, but not immunologically identical), and xenogeneic cells (donor form a different species). 組織工程所需的細胞源被總結(jié)為三大類，自體細胞（來源于病人)、同種異體細胞（來源于供者，但不是免疫同源的)和異種細胞（不同物種的供者)。
each category may be further delineated in terms of stem cells (adult or embryonic) or “differentiated” cells obtained from tissue, where the cell population obtained from tissue dissociation comprises a mixture of cells at different maturation stages and includes rare stem and progenitor cells. 每一類可以用術(shù)語干細胞進一步描述（成人的或胚胎的)，或從組織獲得的“不同”細胞進一步描述醫(yī),學.全在.線網(wǎng),站.搜集，組織分離獲得的細胞群包含著不同成熟時期的細胞混合體，包括半成熟細胞和原始細胞。
Recent discoveries have indicated that stem cells of one type can transdifferentiate to repair damaged tissue of another type (i.e., hematopoietic stem cells home to infarcted myocardium and repair the tissue). 最近的發(fā)現(xiàn)提示一種類型的干細胞能夠轉(zhuǎn)分化以修補另一類型的損傷組織（這就是說，造血干細胞可植入梗死的心肌進行修復(fù))。
Tissue engineering will remain an area of intense research. 組織工程學將保持一個富有希望的研究熱園。
Advances in the areas of growth factors, stromal matrices, gene encapsulation, and gene delivery will all play a role.在這個熱園中，已有進展的生長因子、間質(zhì)其質(zhì)、基因封閉、基因傳遞都將扮演一份角色。
